What is a common method to enhance the durability of concrete?

Incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is a well-established method to enhance the durability of concrete. These materials, such as fly ash, silica fume, or slag cement, can improve the performance of concrete in various ways. They help reduce the permeability of the concrete, which makes it less susceptible to water, chemicals, and other environmental factors that can cause deterioration over time. The addition of SCMs can also lead to improved resistance to sulfate attacks, chloride ingress, and other forms of chemical degradation.

Using SCMs can enhance the microstructure of the concrete, making it denser and more cohesive. This refined structure not only contributes to increased durability but can also improve strength and workability, while potentially reducing the overall carbon footprint of the concrete by replacing some of the Portland cement with these environmentally friendly alternatives.