What impact do freeze-thaw cycles have on concrete?

Freeze-thaw cycles can significantly impact the durability and structural integrity of concrete if the concrete isn't designed to withstand such conditions. During a freeze-thaw cycle, water that has penetrated into the concrete pores freezes and expands when temperatures drop. This expansion can exert stress on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracks, spalling, and ultimately a reduction in durability. Proper design and materials, such as the use of air-entraining agents, can mitigate these effects by helping to accommodate the expansion from freezing water.

When concrete is properly designed with respect to freeze-thaw durability, it can significantly resist the negative impacts of these cycles. However, if the concrete is inadequate or not specifically protected against these environmental conditions, freezing and thawing can be detrimental, resulting in loss of structural integrity over time.